7   Input Methods

This chapter describes the input methods for entering Chinese characters. There are two groups of input methods, one for traditional Chinese and the other for Simplified Chinese.

The traditional Chinese has the following input methods:

• Full-form alphabets
• Tsang-Chi （倉頡）
• Quick Tsang-Chi, also known as Easy （速成）
• Phonetic （注音）
• Internal Code （內碼）
• Phrase input method （片語）
• Symbol Input （符號）

Simplified Chinese has the following input methods:

• 5-Stroke 〔五笔画〕
• 5-Shape 〔五笔字型〕
• Pin-Yin, or Phonetic 〔拼音〕
• Qu-Wei or Row-Column in GB2312-80 〔国标区位码〕
• Telex Code 〔电报码〕
• Phrase Input 〔片语〕

This chapter also describes:

• The mechanism for activating and deactivating Chinese input methods
• The mechanism for switching input methods
• The DECwindows Motif interface and its customization

7.1   Activating and Deactivating Chinese Input Methods

This section describes how to activate and deactivate the Chinese Input Methods for character-cell terminal applications, DECwindows Motif applications, and CDE applications.

7.1.1   Character-Cell Terminal Applications

For character-cell terminal applications, traditional and Simplified Chinese input methods are implemented by the firmware of the VT382-D traditional Chinese terminal and VT382-C Simplified Chinese terminal respectively, or incorporated in the terminal emulation software, such as Hanyu DECterm for the former and Hanzi DECterm for the latter. Applications do not need to provide their own support for Chinese input. They can rely on the terminal or emulation software to provide the input method services.

Hanyu DECterm and Hanzi DECterm are considered part of the DECwindows Motif applications. Therefore, the activating and deactivating method follows those of DECwindows Motif, discussed in the Section 7.1.2.

On a VT382-D or VT382-C terminal, you select the input mode using the Compose key, which is located on the lower-left side of the main keyboard. On the Chinese version of LK201 or LK401 keyboard (that is, LK201-C, LK201-D, LK401-C, or LK401-D), the Compose key is labeled as 中/英. For details, see Chapter 6.

Once the Chinese input mode is activated, the firmware of the terminal or the input methods incorporated in DECterm automatically compose Chinese characters and return the input data as appropriate.

7.1.2   DECwindows Motif Applications

For DECwindows Motif applications, Chinese input methods are implemented in the form of independent processes called input servers. These Chinese input servers are X client processes that can work on a standard X server provided the X server has the required Chinese fonts installed. This means that the Chinese input server can run on any system which can access your X display device, including the device itself.

Although the codesets returned by traditional and Simplified Chinese input servers are fixed, the Compaq Tru64 UNIX software allows you to connect applications to the input servers using any valid Chinese locale. The Compaq Tru64 UNIX software provides the required codeset conversion.

The traditional Chinese input server provided with the Compaq Tru64 UNIX software is interoperable with all existing DECwindows Motif /Hanyu platforms, including OpenVMS DECwindows Motif /Hanyu and UWS/Hanyu. The Simplified Chinese input server provided with the Compaq Tru64 UNIX software is also interoperable with all existing DECwindows Motif /Hanzi platforms, including OpenVMS DECwindows Motif /Hanzi and UWS/Hanzi. Both input servers also provide input method services to the R6 X library (Xlib) supported by the Compaq Tru64 UNIX software. You can write internationalized applications using the standard R6 application programming interface and communicate with this input server. For details about developing internationalized software with X11R6, see Writing Software for the International Market.

Before you can input Chinese data, you must start the Chinese input server on your workstation or any system on your network that can be accessed by your workstation.

English and Chinese user interfaces are provided, so be sure to set the correct session language before starting the input server. There are several ways to start the Chinese input server:

• Using the Session Manager

• Automatic Startup of the Input Server

• Using a Command

After you invoke the Chinese input server, the DECwindows Motif applications which have been internationalized to support Chinese can communicate with it to provide input method services.

7.1.3   CDE Applications

For CDE applications, Chinese input methods are implemented by input servers. Before you can input Chinese data, you must start the Chinese input server. There are two ways to start the Chinese input servers in CDE:

• Automatic Startup of the Input Server

• Using a Command

After you invoke the Chinese input server, the CDE applications which are internationalized to support Chinese can communicate with it to provide input method services.

7.2   Switching Input Method

Table 7-1 shows the key sequences for toggling between the English and Chinese input modes.

Table 7-1: Key Sequences that Invoke Chinese Input Method

Note

You can use the input server options menu to customize the key sequences used to invoke the Chinese input method.

Table 7-2 shows the key sequences for selecting a specific traditional Chinese or Simplified Chinese input method once you are in the Chinese input mode.

Table 7-2: Key Sequences Used to Select Traditional Chinese Input Method

Table 7-3: Key Sequences Used to Select Simplified Chinese Input Method

Note

You can use the input server options menu to customize the key sequences used to select the input method.

In standard Motif, the function key [F10] is defined as the accelerator of the pull-down menu bar. In DECwindows Motif, the menu accelerator by default is Ctrl/F10 so that [F10] can be used to invoke the Phonetic Input Method. To make your DECwindows Motif applications Motif compliant, insert the following line in your $HOME/.Xdefaults file:

Note

If you change [F10] to the menu accelerator, you cannot invoke the Phonetic Input Method unless you change the invocation key to another key sequence.

7.3   Motif Interface Input Method

You can interact with the Chinese input server through a Motif-style user-interface. This interface allows an input method to provide feedback about the data being edited, to help you compose a character, list choices for selection, provide options for customizing the input server, and so on.

7.3.1  Input Areas

The X Input Method specification defines the three input areas shown in Table 7-4.

Table 7-4: Window Input Areas

7.3.2   Interaction Styles

The use of the input areas depends on the interaction style (or pre-edit style) selected for the application. The Chinese input server supports two interaction styles:

• Root Window Interaction
• Off-the-Spot Interaction

7.3.2.1   Root Window Interaction

You can choose the root window interaction style if you want to display the pre-edit data in an input window which is separate from the application window. You can scale and move the input to meet your preferences. If you want to free up more screen space, you can iconize the input method window. You can also choose to display pre-edit data in vertical or horizontal layout.

Figure 7-1: Chinese Root Window Interaction Style

Figure 7-2: Chinese Input Window Icon

You can continue to input Chinese characters through a Chinese application window when the input window is iconized. The input state is displayed on the icon title, which is updated according to the input mode and the input focus. If you want to see the pre-edit data, you can double click the icon to redisplay the input window.

7.3.2.2   Off-the-Spot Interaction

If you want to display the pre-edit data in a fixed location of the application window, you can choose the off-the-spot interaction style. With this interaction style, the Chinese input server creates the input window at the bottom of the application window. You need not refer to the root window and you can iconize it to save screen area.

Figure 7-3: Off-the-Spot Interaction Style

You can specify the priority of the interaction styles of DECwindows Motif or CDE applications by specifying the VendorShell resource, XmNpreeditType. By default, the resource value is overthespot,offthespot,root,onthespot. This list is in priority order. The first style is used if available in an input method, else the second, and so on.

There are two ways to choose your preferred interaction style:

• Use the -xrm command line option to specify the resource value when you start an application. For example, the following command starts CDE Calendar Manager with the root window interaction style:

• For DECwindows Motif, use the Session Manager's Options menu in XDM:

• For CDE, you can invoke the dtimsstart application to change the input method and the input style of the current input method.

Note

Some applications, such as DECterm, may provide their own user interface to handle interaction styles. Those mechanisms may override the methods described here.

7.3.3   Input Server Operations

When you start a Chinese input server, no application is connected to it and the title bar indicates that there is no connection. When an internationalized application starts in a Chinese locale, the string 英語 is displayed in the status area for dxhanyuim, and 英语 is displayed for dxhanziim, indicating that the application is connected to the Chinese input server and the mode is English. If you invoke a Chinese input method, the input state displayed in the status area and the title bar is updated accordingly. If you change the input focus to a noninternationalized application window, the title bar of the input window changes to indicate there is no connection.

The input server can maintain an individual state of composition for different input contexts or application windows. In addition, under the root window interaction style, each application window can be associated with its own attributes, such as font size, font style, layout, input window size, and position. You can set the input focus to an application window and then compose a Chinese character or customize the input window. The input server stores information about the composing state and input window attributes so that next time this application window gets the input focus, the original composing state and attributes are restored.

7.3.4   Options Menu

The auxiliary area of the input window provides an Options menu that you use to customize the input server. You can click on the Options button to access the customization pull-down menu. The menu provides options for traditional Chinese:

For traditional Chinese,

• Vertical Layout
• Horizontal Layout
• Select Phrase Input Class
• User Phrase Database
• System Phrase Database
• Current Window
• Input Method Customization
• Help
• Quit

7.3.4.1   Vertical Layout

You can choose the vertical layout option only if the current layout is horizontal. When you choose this option, the input window and the layout of its contexts immediately display in a vertical orientation. The vertical input window remains at the same origin.

7.3.4.2   Horizontal Layout

You can choose this option only if the current layout is vertical. When you choose this option, the input window and the layout of its context immediately display in a horizontal orientation. The horizontal input window remains at the same origin.

7.3.4.3   Select Phrase Input Class

You can use the Select Phrase option to customize the phrase input mode. DECwindows Motif shares the phrase databases that are created and managed by the Compaq Tru64 UNIX Phrase Utility. After you create a phrase database and define your phrases, both character-cell terminal applications and DECwindows Motif applications can use the data for phrase input. In order to use the phrase databases, the LANGe environment variable must be set to reflect the required codeset, that is, zh_TW.dechanyu. For details about the Compaq Tru64 UNIX Phrase Utility and phrase definition file, see Writing Software for the International Market.

The Select Phrase Input Class option allows you to focus on a particular class of phrases during phrase input. When you choose this option, a dialog box pops up and you can select the phrase class that you want to use.

To select all classes, you can choose the * option. If you do this, the phrase input method searches all classes of phrase definitions for the phrase code that you entered.

7.3.4.4   User Phrase Database

The Phrase Input method allows you to access two phrase definition databases: the system phrase database and the user phrase database. The former is for public access by all users using your system. It should be created and modified by your system administrator. You can also create and maintain your own private phrase database for storing your frequently used phrases. This is called the user phrase database.

Note

The databases that you can access are the ones available on the system on which you start your Chinese input server.

For details about creating a phrase database, see Writing Software for the International Market.

If you choose this option, you will access your private user phrase database.

7.3.4.5   System Phrase Database

If you choose the System Phrase Database option, you will access the system phrase database.

7.3.4.6   Current Window

The Current Window option allows you to customize the attributes of a specific application window.

Note

The Current Window option is available only if you chose root window as your interaction style and you focused to an internationalized application input area. Otherwise, this option is greyed out. If you choose the off-the-spot interaction style, the application determines the attributes.

When you choose this option, a dialog box pops up and the following options are displayed:

• Font Size

• Font Typeface

• Line Spacing

• Foreground and Background Colors

7.3.4.7   Input Method Customization

There are several customizable attributes which apply to all input windows. In the traditional Chinese input server, they are:

• Default Input Method
• Bell Volume
• EDPC support
• Invocate Key

In the Simplified Chinese input server, they are:

• Default Input Method
• Bell Volume
• Display 5-Shape Radicals
• Invocate Key

When you choose the Input Method Customization option, a dialog box pops up in which you can customize the attributes.

• Default Input Method

• Bell Volume

• EDPC support (in dxhanyuim only)

• Display 5-shape Radicals (in dxhanziim only)

• Invocate Key

In the bottom part of the dialog box is an easy-to-use interface where you can customize a key sequence. You can select a trigger key and toggle the on/off state of the Ctrl, Alt, and Shift modifiers. The trigger keys that you can choose include NoSymbol, [F1] - [F20], [Space], [Return], [Compose] and [A] - [Z]. If you choose NoSymbol, no invocation sequence will be provided for the selected action.

For each modifier key, you can select the on/off state with the toggle buttons defined in Table 7-5.

Table 7-5: Modifier State Customization

The tilde (~) sign means that you should not press that modifier key when invoking the action. In addition to the on/off state, you can also deselect both of the states for a modifier key, so that neither state is selected. To do this, click the toggle button which is currently set on. If you deselect a modifier, the input server will accept the invocation key with or without holding the modifier key.

When an invocation key sequence is selected, the state of the toggle switches and the trigger key displayed at the bottom of the dialog box is updated to reflect the current value, and the label at the bottom left-hand side changes.

Figure 7-4: Customization of Invocation Key Sequences in dxhanyuim

Figure 7-5: Customization of Invocation Key Sequences in dxhanziim

For example, if you want to change the End Input Method key sequence to [Ctrl/Space], select the Ctrl, ~Alt and ~Shift buttons.

To reduce the number of keys required for selecting input methods, set the hot keys for all the input methods to "NoSymbol", and define a key sequence for the Choose Next Input Method option. This method releases the [F6] to [F10] function keys for use by other DECwindows applications. To switch the input method, press the key sequence for Choose Next Input Method and the Chinese input server will cycle through all supported input methods. For example, if you use the Tsang-Chi input method and you want to switch to the internal code input method, press the hot key twice.

7.3.4.8   Help

The Help option provides the following menu items that you use to display help for the Chinese input server:

• Context-Sensitive Help
• Overview
• Using Help
• Product Information

7.3.4.9   Quit

Use the Quit option to terminate the input server. If you select this option, a dialog box pops up and asks if you really want to exit.

7.3.5   Saving Your New Settings

All attributes that you customize with the Current Window and Input Method Customization menus can be saved into a resource file in your login directory. Each customization window provides the following options:

• Save Settings as Defaults

  Save all current attributes as default values. These attributes are saved to a private resource file in your login directory; DXhanziim if you are using dxhanziim and DXhanyuim if you are using dxhanyuim.

• Restore system setting

  Restores all system default attributes

7.4   Alphabetic Input Methods

There are two alphabetic input methods available under the English mode:

• Half Form Alphabet
• Full Form Alphabet

The Half form alphabet method allows you to enter uppercase and lowercase English characters, numerals, and symbols marked on the keyboard. Full form alphabet allows you to enter 2-byte alphabets, numerals, and symbols defined in the Chinese character sets.

To invoke the Full Form Alphabet input method, press [Shift/Space]. The string 全 形 (full form) is displayed in the status area, as shown in Figure 7-6. Once the prompt appears, all characters that you enter at the keyboard are sent as 2-byte characters.

To exit the Full Form Alphabet input method, press [Shift/Space] again.

Figure 7-6: Full Form Alphabet Input Method

7.5   Tsang-Chi Input Method

To undertstand the Tsang-Chi input method you must understand the concepts of Tsang-Chi root radicals, auxiliary forms, and character-splitting methods.

7.5.1   Tsang-Chi Root Radicals

The Tsang-Chi input method is based on the concept of root radicals. The input method requires a Chinese character to be broken down into various root radicals according to its shape. Altogether 24 Tsang-Chi root radicals have been defined with which almost all existing Chinese characters can be composed. The root radicals are divided into four groups and assigned to the alphabet keys [A] - [Y] (with the exception of the [X] key) on the main keyboard. Table 7-6 a-d illustrate the classification of the root radicals, their corresponding English keys, their auxiliary forms, and the way that they are derived. Table 7-7 is a shorter table for quick reference.

Table 7-6: Tsang-Chi Root Radicals Classification

a. Philosophical:

b. Stroke:

c. Human Body:

d. Form

Table 7-7: Quick Reference Table of the Tsang-Chi Root Radicals

7.5.2   Tsang-Chi Code Generation

To input a Chinese character using the Tsang-Chi input method, its Tsang-Chi code should be generated based on character decomposition. Most Chinese characters can be divided into two categories: the composite form and the connected form. The composite form can be split into a character head and a character body while the connected form cannot.

Table 7-8: Composition Form Characters

Table 7-9: Connected Form Characters

7.5.2.1   General Rules

The general rules for generating Tsang-Chi codes are:

• The character category must be composite or connected.
• The code according to the writing order is usually one of the following:
  
  - From outside to inside
  
  - From top to bottom
  
  - From left to right
• The number of radicals is up to 5 for composite characters, where the character head can be decomposed into at most 2 radicals and the character body can be decomposed into at most 3 radicals. Connected characters can be decomposed into no more than 4 radicals.
• If more than one Tsang-Chi code exists for a character, use the one with fewer radicals.
• If several Tsang-Chi codes have the same number of radicals, use the one which better represents the character.

7.5.2.2   Connected Characters

Connected characters are those which cannot be split due to the existence of crossed or connected strokes, such as 武, 面, 貞. Each character can be input by entering at most 4 radicals. If more than 4 radicals can be derived, the first 3 radicals and the last can be taken to generate the Tsang-Chi code. Table 7-10 illustrates some examples of decomposing connected characters.

Table 7-10: Examples of Connected Character Decomposition

7.5.2.3   Composite Characters

Composite characters are those that can be split from top to bottom, left to right, and outside to inside, such as 思, 珠, 圓. You can decompose the character head into 1 to 2 radicals. If more than 2 radicals are generated, take the first and the last radicals. The character body can be decomposed into 1 to 3 radicals. If it is made up of 3 or fewer radicals, you should enter all the radicals. If it is made up of more than 3 radicals which are connected, enter the first two radicals and the last. If the character body is itself a composite character, you can further decompose the character body into subhead and subbody. The radicals you should enter are the first and last radicals of the subhead, and the last radical of the subbody.

Table 7-11 illustrates examples of decomposing composite characters. In the "Shape" column, a solid square represents a character head while a square represents a radical of the character body.

Table 7-11: Composite Character Decomposition

7.5.2.4   Exceptional Characters

Approximately 95% of Chinese characters can be decomposed according to the rules described in Section 7.5.2.3. The remaining 5% are exceptional characters that need to be entered in different ways. The exceptional characters can be divided into the following groups:

• Compound Characters

Table 7-12: Compound Characters

• Difficult Characters

Table 7-13: Difficult Characters

• Special Characters

Table 7-14: Special Characters

7.5.3   Invoking Tsang-Chi Input Method

When you invoke the Tsang-Chi input method, the Chinese string 倉頡 is displayed in the status area, as shown in Figure 7-7.

Figure 7-7: Invocation of the Tsang-Chi Input Method

The radicals that you enter with the Tsang-Chi input method are displayed in the pre-edit area, as shown in Figure 7-8. To correct the data, press the Delete key and reenter the correct radical. Alternatively, you can press the 倉頡 key (that is, F6 on a standard LK201 or LK401 keyboard) to erase all radicals in the pre-edit buffer. If fewer radicals are required to input a character, you can press the Return key or Space bar to signal the end of input.

Figure 7-8: Entering a Tsang-Chi Radical

7.5.4   Multiple Candidates

If there is exactly one character represented by a Tsang-Chi code, the character is sent directly to the application. Sometimes, multiple candidates for a Tsang-Chi code are available for selection when the code represents more than one Chinese character. In this case, the candidates are displayed in the pre-edit area in the following order:

• Most frequently-used
• Less frequently-used
• Seldom used

The pre-edit area can display up to 9 candidates at a time.

Figure 7-9: Multiple Candidates

The numbers 1, 4, and 7 divide the 9 characters into 3 groups so that you can easily select the desired candidate. To select a character that is displayed in the pre-edit area, press the corresponding numeric key on the main keyboard.

When there are more than 9 candidates for selection, the indicators , →,←→ and ← are displayed in the pre-edit area. Table7-15 lists the indicators and their definitions.

Table 7-15: Meaning of Arrow Characters

If you enter another Tsang-Chi code without selecting a candidate, the first candidate in the list is sent to the application.

If you do not want to select any candidate, but want to clear the Tsang-Chi code, press the Return key or the 倉頡 key (that is, F6).

7.5.5   Repeat Character Input

If you want to repeat input of the same character, press the equals (=) key.

7.5.6   Error Handling

If you input incorrect data, the bell will ring. If no character is generated after you enter a Tsang-Chi code, this indicates that there is no character for the code. The radicals entered remain in the pre-edit buffer. To handle the error, you can do one of the following:

1. Press the Delete key to erase the radicals, one at a time, and then reenter the correct radicals.
2. Press the Return key or the [倉頡 ] key to erase all radicals in the pre-edit buffer, and then reenter the correct radicals.
3. Enter new radicals without pressing the Return key. The radicals in the pre-edit buffer are replaced by the newly-entered radicals.

7.6   Quick Tsang-Chi Input Method

The Quick Tsang-Chi input method, also known as the Quick input method or the so-called Easy input method, is a variant of the Tsang-Chi input method and follows the same principles and rules for decomposing characters into radicals. However, the process for entering radicals is simplified and requires only the first and the last radicals. For example, the character 商 is decomposed in the Tsang-Chi input method into 卜,金, 月, 口. The Quick Tsang-Chi input method, in this case, requires input of only 卜 and 口.

This section discusses the mechanism of the Quick Tsang-Chi input method. For details about character decomposition, see Section 7.5, Tsang-Chi Input Method.

7.6.1   Quick Tsang-Chi Code Generation

As in the Tsang-Chi input method, the character decomposition in Quick Tsang-Chi is based on whether a character is of the composite form or the connected form. However, the Quick Tsang-Chi input method requires only the first and the last radicals regardless of the number of radicals obtained.

7.6.2   Invoking Quick Tsang-Chi Input Method

When you invoke the Quick Tsang-Chi input method, the Chinese string 速成 is displayed in the status area, as shown in Figure 7-10.

Figure 7-10: The Quick Tsang-Chi Input Method

7.6.3   Entering Quick Tsang-Chi Code

The radical that you enter is displayed in the pre-edit area, as shown in Figure 7-11. To correct the data, press the Delete key and reenter the correct radical. Alternatively, you can press the [速成] key (that is, F7 on a standard LK201 or LK401 keyboard) to erase all radicals in the pre-edit buffer. If only one radical is required to input a character, press the Return key or Space bar to signal the end of input.

Figure 7-11: Entering a Quick Tsang-Chi Code

7.6.4   Multiple Candidates

If exactly one character is represented by a Quick Tsang-Chi code, the character is sent directly to the application. Frequently, multiple candidates for a Quick Tsang-Chi code are available for selection when the Quick Tsang-Chi code represents more than one Chinese characters. In this case, the candidates are displayed in the pre-edit area.

If you do not want to select any candidate, but want to clear the Tsang-Chi code, press the Return key or the 速成 key (that is, F7).

7.6.5   Repeat Character Input

If you want to repeat the input of the same character, press the equals (=) key.

7.6.6   Error Handling

If you input incorrect data, the bell will ring. If no character is generated after you enter a Quick Tsang-Chi code, this indicates that there is no character for the code. The radicals entered remain in the pre-edit buffer. To handle the error, you can do one of the following:

• Press the Delete key to erase the radicals, one at a time, and then reenter the correct radicals.
• Press the Return key or the 速成 key to erase all radicals in the pre-edit buffer, and then reenter the correct radicals.
• Enter new radicals without pressing the Return key. The radicals in the pre-edit buffer are replaced by the newly-entered radicals.

7.7   Phonetic Input Method

The Phonetic input method is based on Chinese phonetic symbols (bopomofo) that represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters.

7.7.1   Phonetic Symbol Categories

Phonetic symbols can be divided into 3 categories: consonants, vowels, and tone marks. There are 21 consonants, 16 vowels, and 5 tone marks. The 5 tone marks for Chinese pronunciation are the first, the second, the third, the fourth and the light tones. Chinese phonetic symbols are assigned to the alphanumeric keys on the main keyboard. Table 7-16 summaries all consonants, vowels, and tone marks.

Table 7-16: Phonetic Symbols

Note

The vowels ㄧ, ㄨ, and ㄩ are also called semi-vowels.

7.7.2   Phonetic Code Generation

The pronunciation of a Chinese character is composed of consonants, vowels, and tone marks. Therefore, a phonetic code can be generated according to the following rules:

• The phonetic symbols are entered in the following order:
  
  - Consonant
  
  - Vowel
  
  - Tone marks
• A phonetic representation must have at least one consonant or one vowel.
• The end of input must be indicated with a tone mark or Return.

Table 7-17: Examples of Phonetic Input

7.7.3   Invoking Phonetic Input Method

When you invoke the Phonetic input method, the Chinese string 注音 is displayed in the status area, as shown in Figure 7-12.

The example in Figure 7-12 shows how to input the character 吉 by entering the phonetic symbols ㄐㄧˊ (RU6) at the main keyboard.

Figure 7-12: Entering the Phonetic Symbols for 吉

吉　[注音]：ㄐㄧˊ▌ 1 及吉吃 4 即急級 7 集極擊 →

7.7.4   Entering Phonetic Code

The phonetic symbols that you enter are displayed in the pre-edit area. To correct the data, press the Delete key and re-enter the correct symbol. Alternatively, you can press the 注音 key (that is, F10 on a standard LK201 or LK401 keyboard) to erase all phonetic symbols in the pre-edit buffer.

You can press various termination keys to signal that you are done entering the phonetic symbol. Table 7-18 shows the results of entering phonetic symbols with different termination keys.

Table 7-18: Phonetic Symbols with Different Termination Keys

7.7.5   Multiple Candidates

If a phonetic string matches exactly one character, the character is sent directly to the application. Frequently, a phonetic string matches multiple Chinese characters. In this case, the candidates are displayed in the pre-edit area.

If you do not want to select any candidate, but want to clear the phonetic code, press the Return key or the 注音 key (that is, F10).

7.7.6   Repeat Character Input

If you want to repeat the input of the same character, press the equals (=) key.

7.7.7   Error Handling

If you input incorrect data, the bell will ring. If no character is generated after you enter a phonetic code, this indicates that there is no character for the code. The phonetic symbols entered remain in the pre-edit buffer. To handle the error, you can do one of the following:

1. Press the Delete key to erase the radicals, one at a time, and then reenter the correct radicals.
2. Press the Return key or the 注音 key to erase all phonetic symbols in the pre-edit buffer, and then re-enter the correct phonetic symbols.
3. Enter new phonetic symbols without pressing the Return key. The phonetic symbols in the pre-edit buffer are replaced by the newly entered symbols.

7.8   Internal Code Input Method

Each character in DEC Hanyu has been assigned a unique internal code, just like the ID number of a company employee. For a complete list of the characters and their internal codes, see The DEC Chinese Code Book (Part Number EK-VT38D-CB-001).

Note

In this Compaq Tru64 UNIX release, the Internal Code input method supports only the DEC Hanyu internal code. The internal codes for Taiwanese EUC and Big-5 are not supported. Even if you set the locale to one of the Taiwanese EUC or Big-5 locales, this input method still requires you to specify the DEC Hanyu internal code.

7.8.1   Input Procedure

When you invoke the Internal Code input method, the Chinese string 內碼 is displayed in the status area.

To enter an internal code, you can optionally enter a character set number to be followed by a four-digit hexadecimal number which specifies the position of the character with respect to the character set. The character set number can be 1 for the CNS11643-1986 character set, or 2 for the DTSCS character set.

If you omit the character set number and enter only the four-digit hexadecimal code, you must press the Return key or the Space bar to signal the end of input. If you enter the character set number and the four-digit hexadecimal code, the respective character is sent automatically without pressing the Return key. Figure 7-13 shows the input of 例 using the Internal Code input method.

Figure 7-13: Input of 例 Using the Internal Code Input Method

　〔內碼〕﹕1CBF▌

The internal code that you enter is displayed in the pre-edit area. To correct the data, press the Delete key and re-enter the correct code. Alternatively, you can press the 內碼 key (that is, F8 on a standard LK201 or LK401 keyboard) to erase all characters in the pre-edit buffer.

Since internal codes are unique for any symbols or Chinese character in DEC Hanyu, there are not multiple candidates for an internal code.

7.8.2   Repeat Character Input

If you want to repeat the input of the same character, press the equals (=) key.

7.8.3   Error Handling

If you input incorrect data, the bell will ring. If no character is generated after you enter an internal code, this indicates that there is no character for the code. The internal code entered remains in the pre-edit buffer. To handle the error, you can do one of the following:

1. Press the Delete key to erase the characters representing the internal code, one at a time, and then re-enter the correct internal code.
2. Press the Return key or the 內碼 key to erase all alphabets in the pre-edit buffer, and then reenter the correct internal code.
3. Enter a new internal code without pressing the Return key. The characters in the pre-edit buffer are replaced by the newly entered internal code.

7.9   Phrase Input Method

The Phrase input method is a mechanism designed to facilitate the input of frequently used phrases. You can define your own frequently used phrases by preparing your own phrase database. Each phrase is identified by a phrase code. To input a phrase, you enter its phrase code and then convert it to the respective phrase.

The Compaq Tru64 UNIX operating system provides a Phrase Utility that you use to create phrase databases. For details, see Writing Software for the International Market.

In addition, the firmware of the VT382-D traditional Chinese terminal is designed to allow you to download phrases into its built-in memory. For DECwindows Motif applications, you do not need to download phrase definitions because the Chinese input servers can directly access the phrase databases. In addition, you can select the phrase database being used.

7.9.1   Input Procedure

When you invoke the Phrase input method, the Chinese string 片語 is displayed in the status area of dxhanyuim, and 古陋 in the status area of dxhanziim. Figure 7-14 shows an example of entering a phrase in dxhanyuim and Figure 7-15 shows an example of converting the phrase code to the phrase.

Figure 7-14: Entering a Phrase Code

國際觀光旅館名錄

名稱﹕國賓大飯店/AMBASSADOR

地址﹕台北市中山北路二段６３號

63, Chung Shan N. Rd., Sec. 2, Taipei

名稱﹕_

〔片語〕﹕ASIA▌

Figure 7-15: Converting a Phrase Code to a Phrase

名稱﹕國賓大飯店/AMBASSADOR

地址﹕台北市中山北路二段６３號

名稱﹕環亞大飯店/ASIA WORLD PLAZA_

[倉頡]：▌

The phrase code that you enter is displayed in the pre-edit area, as shown in Figure 7-14. To correct the data, press the Delete key and reenter the correct code. Alternatively, you can press the 片語 key (that is, F9 on a standard LK201 or LK401 keyboard) to erase all characters in the pre-edit buffer.

The phrase code can consist of at most 8 characters. If it has fewer than 8 characters, press the Return key or the Space bar to signal the end of input. If it has exactly 8 characters, the respective phrase is sent automatically without having to press the Return key after you enter the last character.

The Phrase input method is different from other input methods in the sense that once a phrase is entered, the input mode switches back to the original input mode from which the Phrase input method was invoked. To input another phrase, press [片語] again and then enter another phrase code.

7.9.2   Error Handling

If the data that you input is incorrect, the bell will ring.

7.9.2.1   Condition 1

If the message 此片語不存在 (Requested phrase does not exist) is displayed when you enter a phrase code, you can check the following:

• Check to be sure that the phrase is in the phrase definition file.
• If you are using a VT382-D terminal:
  
  - Check to be sure that the phrase definition file containing the phrase definition has been downloaded to the VT382-D Chinese terminal.
  
  - Check to see if the terminal power supply has been interrupted since you last loaded the phrase definition file.
  
  - Check to see if you have reset the VT382-D terminal. The Recall and Default operations provided by the VT382-D setup menu clear the phrase definitions which have been downloaded.
• If you are using a Chinese input server:
  
  - Check to be sure that the phrase definition file containing the phrase definition has been selected by the Chinese input server.
  
  - Check to see if the LANG environment variable has been set up correctly before starting the Chinese input server.

If the phrase has been defined but it does not exist in the in-memory phrase database, reload or reselect the phrase definition file.

7.9.2.2   Condition 2

Errors can occur in the phrase definition file. If you cannot solve the problem using the procedures in Section 7.9.2.1, you can do one of the following:

• Check the syntax of the definition statements in the phrase definition file. A phrase cannot be downloaded if the syntax of its definition is incorrect.
• If you are using a VT382-D terminal, a maximum of 100 phrases can be downloaded. If the number of phrases defined in the phrase definition file exceeds this limit, the definitions beyond the limit are not downloaded.

7.10   Symbol Input in Dxhanyuim

The Symbol input method is a more intuitive way to input two-byte symbols, such as punctuation marks, table and mathematical symbols, foreign characters, phonetic symbols, and traditional Chinese control characters.

You can invoke the Symbol input method only from the Tsang-Chi or the Quick Tsang-Chi input method. You can use it to input more than 600 symbols, including all full form alphabets (A -Z, a-z), full form numerals (0-9), full form symbols (such as ＃,＄, ％ ...), phonetic elements (such as ㄅ, ㄆ, ㄇ, ㄈ), Chinese radicals and special symbols (such as a a 「, 」, ※).

7.10.1   Invoking Symbol Input Mode

To enter the Symbol input mode, press the Z key when invoking Tsang-Chi or the Quick Tsang-Chi input method. When you invoke the Symbol input mode, the Chinese string 符號 is displayed in the status area.

7.10.2   Rules of Symbol Input

Use the following rules when entering symbols:

• If a symbols exists on the keyboard, input it the same way you enter single-byte characters.

• Symbols of similar form or meaning have the same key sequence.

• If a symbol does not exist on the keyboard, decompose it according to its shape.

• For graphical symbols, press the hyphen (-) key and a number within the range 1-8 to specify horizontal symbols or press the vertical bar (|) key and a number within the range 1-7 to specify vertical symbols.

• To enter symbols for constructing a table or diagram, press the T key and an alphabet key specifying the direction.

• To enter arrows of various directions, press the A key and an alphabet key specifying the direction.

• Press the P key to indicate the input of phonetic symbols. To specify the required symbol, press the key with the respective phonetic symbol marked on the keyboard. See Chapter 6 for the keymap of phonetic symbols.

• Press the G key (or g for the lowercase) to input Greek letters and then enter the first two letters of the Greek character's name. Use uppercase or lowercase letters as appropriate.

7.10.3   Entering Symbol Code

You can input a symbol by entering its symbol code and then pressing the Return key or Space bar to signal the end of input.

The following example describes how to enter the full form alphabet Ａ:

1. Press the Z key to invoke the Symbol input mode.
   
   〔符號〕：▌
2. Press the A key.
   
   〔符號〕：A▌

7.10.4   Multiple Candidates

If a symbol code matches exactly one character, the character is sent directly to the application. However, sometimes a symbol code matches multiple candidates. In this case, the candidates are displayed in the pre-edit area. To continue the preceeding example:

1. In the preceding example, press the Return key to signal the end of input.
   
   〔符號〕：A▌ 1 Ａ日曰
2. Press the 1 key to select Ａ

7.10.5   Error Handling

If no symbol is input after you enter a symbol code, the symbol code is invalid and the input mode switches back to the original input mode. You can press the Z key to invoke the Symbol input mode again and reenter the correct symbol code.

7.11   Input of User-Defined Characters in DECwindows Motif

The Compaq Tru64 UNIX software supports the input of user-defined characters (UDC) through the Tsang-Chi and Quick Tsang-Chi input methods. When you invoke the Chinese input server, the following Tsang-Chi dictionaries are loaded:

• The private UDC Tsang-Chi dictionary that you create
• The system-wide UDC Tsang-Chi dictionary
• The system default Tsang-Chi dictionary

The Tsang-Chi and Quick Tsang-Chi input methods display candidates, which match the input key sequence you enter, in this order.

You can use the cedit utility to define the input sequences of user-defined characters and then use the cgen command with the -iks option to produce a UDC Tsang-Chi dictionary for the Chinese input server. You should also define the corresponding font glyphs (both 18X16 and 24X24 size fonts). After you define the user-defined characters and their corresponding information in the system or user database, restart the input server to reread the database. For details, see Writing Software for the International Market or the cgen reference pages.

By default, the Chinese input server puts your private UDC Tsang-Chi dictionary in the ~/.iks/dwimdb-dechanyu directory. You can use the USER_UDC_DICT environment variable to override this default location.

The system-wide UDC Tsang-Chi dictionary is, by default, placed in the /var/i18n/iks/dwimdb-dechanyu directory. If the dictionary is located elsewhere on your system, you can use the SYSTEM_UDC_DICT environment variable to override the default location. If you are a system administrator, you can install a UDC Tsang-Chi dictionary by placing it at the default location and setting proper access mode for system-wide use.

The system default Tsang-Chi dictionary, which is shipped with the Compaq Tru64 UNIX system, is placed in the /usr/i18n/hanyu/hanyu_tsangchi.dic directory. If it is installed at a different location, you can use the HANYU_SYSTEM_DICT environment variable to specify the location.

Note

In this Compaq Tru64 UNIX release, the Chinese input server supports UDC input key sequences only in the DEC Hanyu codeset.

To display UDC in DECwindows Motif applications or the Chinese input server, UDC fonts should be available on your system. For instance, the Chinese input server will display UDC using the fonts -adecw-screen-*--18-*-cns11643.1986-udc or -adecw-screen-*--24-*-cns11643.1986-udc.

If you define your own UDC fonts, you can override the system UDC fonts by adding the directory in which the UDC fonts are located to the font path. For example, if your private UDC fonts are located in the ~/fonts directory, enter the following command to update the font path:

%xset +fp ~/fonts

Use the cedit utility to define UDC font glyphs (both 18X16 and 24X24 size fonts) and the cgen utility to generate fonts for use in DECwindows Motif. For details, see Writing Software for the International Market.

7.12   5-Stroke Input Method

The 5-Stroke input method makes use of the basic strokes to construct the Chinese characters. A stroke is a segment of continuous line or curve that constitutes a Chinese character. Table 7-19 describes the five categories of strokes.

Table 7-19: Stroke Categories

Using the 5-Stroke input method you can input single Chinese characters and Chinese terms. Approximatley 5,000 terms can be input using this method.

7.12.1   Input Mechanism

To input a Chinese character using the 5-Stroke input method, enter its 5-stroke code through the numeric keypad according to the writing order. Table 7-20 shows the codes representing the five categories of strokes.

Table 7-20: 5-Stroke Code

Figure 6-5 shows the numeric keypad layout for entering 5-stroke codes.

The following are the general rules of writing order for Chinese characters:

1. From top to bottom
2. From left to right
3. From outside to inside
4. Writing radical inside before drawing the last stroke of the outside radical (for example, the last stroke of 围 is 一)

7.12.1.1   Single Character Input

If a Chinese character is composed of exactly five strokes, enter the strokes according to the writing order. If it is composed of fewer than five strokes, press the KP0 key to signal the end of input. If it is composed of more than five strokes, enter the first four strokes and the last stroke. Table 7-21 shows some examples of using the 5-Stroke input method.

Table 7-21: Input of Single Characters with the 5-Stroke Input Method

If you are uncertain about the type of strokes or the writing order of strokes, press the wildcard key (KP6) in place of the strokes. For details, see Section 7.12.5, WildCard Key.

7.12.1.2   Input of Terms

The 5-Stroke input method can be used to input terms. A maximum of eight strokes is required for entering terms. Press the KP7 key before inputting strokes. The KP7 key signals the system that the subsequent key strokes are for composing a term instead of a character.

The number of strokes input for each character in a term depends on the number of characters composing the term, as shown in Table 7-22.

Table 7-22: Input Terms with the 5-Stroke Input Method

If a character is composed of fewer strokes than required, press the KP6 key for the outstanding strokes. If this character is the last character, press the KP0 key to signal the end of input.

7.12.2   Procedure

When you invoke the 5-Stroke input method, the string 五笔画 is displayed in the status area. When you input the 5-Stroke code, all the Chinese characters that match the code sequence are displayed in the 26th line of the terminal or the pre-edit area of the display. Each character is associated with a number and you can select the character immediately using the corresponding numeric key on the main keyboard.

For example, if you press the KP1 key, all characters starting with a horizontal stroke are displayed in the pre-edit area.

五笔画:1 1有DEF 2地FBN 3来GOI 4于GFK 5下GHI ＋

If you press the KP2 key, all Chinese characters with starting 5-Stroke code 12 are displayed in the pre-edit area.

You can use the Delete key to correct the 5-Stroke code. When you delete digits in the 5-Stroke code, the characters displayed in the pre-edit area change to match the remaining 5-Stroke code.

For example, press the Delete key once:

Press the Delete key once more:

Alternatively you can press the Return key without selecting any character. The pre-edit area is refreshed and you can enter a new 5-Stroke code.

7.12.3   Multiple Candidates

Because the same 5-stroke code can represent more than one Chinese character, sometimes, multiple candidates are available for selection when you enter a 5-Stroke code. For example:

To select a character that is displayed in the pre-edit area, press the corresponding numeric key on the main keyboard. In the example, press numeric key 3 to select 概. If the desired character is displayed at the first position (in this case, the 机 character), you do not need to press the 1 key to select 机. Enter another 5-Stroke code and the character will automatically be selected. This character is called the default character.

If there are too many candidates for selection, the candidates are displayed in two or more rows and a plus (+) sign is displayed to signal this. Press the Space bar or the KP9 key to display the next row of characters. If you want to see the previous row of characters, press <Shift/Space> or the KP8 key.

7.12.4   The Association Mode

To enhance input efficiency, the Chinese input method maintains a list of built-in phrases in memory. If you select a character from the candidate list (See Section 7.12.3, Multiple Candidates) and there is a built-in phrase whose first character matches this character, the Association Mode is automatically activated. For example:

The string 联想→ is displayed in the status area. You can select one of the built-in phrases in Association Mode. After you select the phrase, you automatically exit Association Mode.

If there are many built-in phrases, they are displayed in two or more rows and a plus (+) sign is displayed to signal this. Press the Space bar or the KP9 key to view the next row of phrases. To move backwards, press [Shift/Space] or the KP8 key.

If you do not want to use any of the associated phrases, enter another 5-Stroke code to automatically exit Association Mode.

Notes

Association Mode is only active during single character input. It can not be activated during term input.

Association Mode is activated only if you press a numeric key to select a single character. If you do not press the 1 key to select the default character, the Association Mode is not activated though the default character is entered.

7.12.5   Wildcard Key

The KP6 key is a wildcard key, like an asterisk in a file specification, which can replace any strokes about which you are uncertain. For example:

字 - 丶, ?, 乙, 乙, 一

This example assumes you are uncertain about the second stroke and so press KP4, KP6, KP5, KP5, KP1.

Another example:

化 - 丿, 丨, ?, ?

This example assumes you are uncertain about the third and the fourth strokes and so press KP3, KP2, KP6, KP6, KP0.

7.13   5-Shape Input Method

The 5-Shape input method is a high performance input method which composes root radicals 〔字根〕 to form Chinese characters. Using te 5-Shape input method, you can enter one to four root radicals to input thousands of Chinese characters and terms.

In addition to character input, the 5-Shape input method also supports term input. The 5-Shape input method supports approximately 5,000 terms, each of which can be defined by four radicals.

Note

When using a VT382-C terminal with SoftODL enabled, you can use a user-defined key sequence in the 5-Shape input method to input a user-defined character (UDC). This assumes the key sequence does not apply to other existing characters. Use cedit to create UDCs and their corresponding key sequences.

7.13.1   Distribution of Radicals

There are 130 root radicals defined on 25 keys on the main keyboard. (See Figure 6-3 and Figure 6-4 for the layout of LK201-C and LK401-C keyboards). The 25 keys are divided into five groups, each containing five keys, as shown in Table 7-23.

Table 7-23: Shape Code

Figure 7-16: Distribution of Radicals

Figure 7-17: 5-Shape Radical Keys

Figure 7-16 and Figure 7-17 show that the distribution of radicals has three characteristics:

1. The root radicals and the Chinese key name are similar in shape. For example:
   
   The key name of Key [11] is 王 while its radicals include, 五 and so on.
2. The code for the first stroke of a root radical is the same as the group number, while the code for the second stroke is the same as the key number. For example:
   
   The first stroke of the radicals on key [41] such as 文, 方 and 广 is 丶, which is the same as the group number. The second stroke is 一, which is the same as the key number.
3. The key number denotes the number of strokes for constructing the root radicals. That is, the key number equals the number of strokes of the radicals, for example:.
   
   The group number of 一 is 1. Therefore, 一 is located on key [11], 二 is located on key [12], and 三 is located on key [13].

7.13.2   Decomposition of Chinese Characters

The 5-Shape input method decomposes Chinese characters according to their root radicals. The decomposition can be categorized as follows:

• Left-Right Type (Type 1)
  
  The character can be split into a left half and a right half, such as 汉,对, and 湘.
• Upper-Lower Type (Type 2)
  
  The character can be split into an upper half and a lower half, such as 华,字, and 想.
• Miscellaneous Type (Type 3)
  
  The character does not have a clear separation of left-right or upper-lower. Examples include 本,同, and 这.
  
  The miscellaneous type can be further divided into individual type and inclusion type. Examples of individual type include 本, 天, 册, 司, 头,进, and 厢. Inclusion type refers to those characters with one of their root radicals totally or partially included in another root radical, such as 司, 连, 凶, and 回.

7.13.3   Distinction Code

If a character is composed of fewer than four root radicals, you must enter a code which represents the decomposition type and the type of the last stroke, which is called the Distinction code.

Figure 7-18: Distinction Code for the 5-Shape Input Method

For example, the codes for 汀, 洒 and 沐 are all [43][14]. To distinguish among them, you must enter the distinction code.

Notes

The root radicals available on the main keyboard do not require a distinction code. Although the characters which are key names (such as 大) and radical names (such as 上) are composed of fewer than four radicals, no distinction code is required. For example, 厂 can be decomposed into 一 and 丿.

For those characters which do not have a unique writing order, such as 刀,切, 力, 九 and 匕, you can use zip-zap stroke code (5) for the last stroke. For example, 仇 can be decomposed into 亻 and 九, and you may add the distinction code [51].

For those inclusion type characters, such as 国, 围, 团, 进, and 这, you should take the last stroke of the interior radical. For example, the distinction code for 进 is [23] because the last stroke is [2].

Single dots located near a radical, such as the point in 义 and 太, belong to decomposition type 3. For example, the distinction code of 为 is [43].

7.13.4   Principles of Character Decomposition

The following four principles can be used for decomposing Chinese characters:

• Writing order. For example, 远 should be decomposed into 二, 儿, and 辶 instead of 辶,二, and 儿.
• Priority for larger radicals. Among the different ways of decomposition, choose the one which results in larger radicals. For example, 尺 should be decomposed into 尸 and 丶 instead of ］ and 人.
  
  Another interpretation of this principle is that you should choose the decomposition method that creates fewer radicals.
• Separated instead of cross. If a character can be decomposed as a separated structure or a cross structure, choose the separated structure. For example, 于 should be decomposed as 一 and 十 instead of 二 and 丨.
• Intuitive.

7.13.5   Input Mechanism

The 5-Shape input method allows for single character input and term input.

7.13.5.1   Single Character Input

Each Chinese character can be composed of one to four root radicals. If the character is available on the keycap as a keyname, press the key four times, for example:

言 - press [41][41][41][41].

If the character is a root radical, press the key for the radical and enter the first, second and last strokes. If the character is defined with fewer than four codes, press the Space bar to signal the end of input, for example:

There is one exception for the five basic strokes. The characters 一, 丨, 丿, 丶, and 乙 are single-stroke characters and they require two codes for input. To avoid multiple candidates for the same code, the 5-Shape input method requires adding two more codes [24] [24]. Table 7-24 shows the key sequences for entering these basic strokes.

Table 7-24: Entering Basic Strokes

If the character does not appear on the keycap, follow the decomposition principles described in the previous section. If the character is composed of exactly four root radicals, enter the root radicals according to the writing order. If it is composed of more than four root radicals, enter the first, second, third, and last root radicals. If it is composed of less than four radicals, enter the radicals together with the distinction code. If the number of codes is still less than four, press the Space bar to signal the end of input. For example:

7.13.5.2   Term Input

Approximately 5,000 built-in terms are defined in the Chinese input methods. You can use the 5-Shape input method to input multiple character terms by entering four root radicals, as shown in Table 7-25.

Table 7-25: Input of Terms with the 5-Shape Input Method

Term	Number of Characters	Character	Number of Req'd Root Radicals	Root Radical	5-Shape Code
经济	2	经济	2 2	纟, 又 氵, 文	[55][54][43][41]
计算机	3	计算机	1 1 2	讠 竹 木, 几	[41][31][14][25]
艰苦奋斗	4	艰苦奋斗	1 1 1 1	又 艹 大 冫	[54][51][13][42]
电子计 算机	5	电子计机	1 1 1 1	曰 子 讠 木	[22][52][41][14]

7.13.6   Procedure

When the 5-Shape input method is invoked, the string 五笔字型 is displayed in the status area. You can enter a 5-Shape code through the main keyboard and the data is dislayed in the pre-edit area. When a complete 5-Shape code is entered, the character that matches the code is sent. For example:

To correct the input data, press the Delete or Return key to erase the data.

If there is no valid character for the 5-Shape code, the bell rings to signal an error and you can enter another code.

7.13.7   Multiple Candidates

If input codes match multiple candidates, valid candidates are displayed in the pre-edit area.

The mechanism for selecting candidates is similar to that for the 5-Stroke input method. For details, see Section 7.12, 5-Stroke Input Method.

7.13.8   Association Mode

As with the 5-Stroke input method, Association Mode is activated automatically when you select a character from the candidate list. For details, see Section 7.12, 5-Stroke Input Method.

7.13.9   Simple Code Characters

There are three levels of simple code characters; Frequently-Used Characters (Level 1), Level 2, and Level 3.

7.13.9.1   Frequently-Used Characters (Level 1 Simple Code)

Among the 6,000 Chinese characters defined in GB2312-80, there are 25 very frequently-used characters. These are defined on the keys [11] to [55]. To input these characters, press the key associated with the character (such as [11], [25]) and then press the Space bar.

The 25 frequently-used characters are:

7.13.9.2   Level 2 Simple Code

The 5-Shape input method has about 600 Level 2 Simple Code Characters. To input a Level 2 Simple Code Character, enter the first two radicals and then press the Space bar. For example, the 5-Shape code for 帮 is [13][31][52][21] (that is, DTBH). But since it is a Level 2 Simple Code Character, you can press [13][31] and the Space bar to input the character.

The Level 2 Simple Code Characters include:

啊阿爱安暗芭吧百瓣半办帮包保报北
本比笔必避陛边变表宾冰并伯泊不步
部才财采菜餐参惭灿册查产昌长偿吵
炒车晨忱陈称城成呈承持池弛耻赤炽
充抽出处春磁此从粗村达答打大呆代
胆淡当档刀导到得灯邓迪地第帝电佃
甸盯钉锭定订东度断队对多夺朵儿二
罚法凡反贩芳方防妨纺放肥分坟粉丰
风烽冯凤夫服负妇肝敢肛纲高革格蛤
个各给耿攻功公宫贡共垢构估孤姑骨
顾怪关官观管光归轨辊果过害汉好恨
虹红后呼胡虎互画划化怀换蝗煌晃灰
毁会婚伙或圾基机肌吉极及级几季寂
计记际继纪家加尖间艰检渐江匠降胶
交角较叫节杰结介届紧进近睛经景久
九旧舅就居具决军开楷苛科可克客肯
空扣枯宽昆困扩拉来乐累肋类楞离理
李历立力联脸良量辽料列林灵另刘六
龙娄搂卢卤录吕屡率绿罗妈马嘛慢么
玫煤没们眯迷米秘绵面秒民明名末牟
姆睦哪奶南男难内能尼你年宁怕炮朋
批皮平普妻七岂钱前欠强悄峭切且亲
沁轻顷庆秋区曲取权全劝然让认扔仍
如入闰弱洒三扫色砂纱闪商少社审生
失时实史式示世事氏收手守曙术甩霜
双水睡顺说思肆寺四诉虽孙所他它台
太膛提啼天条铁厅听烃瞳同屯驼妥拓
外晚宛汪为委胃卫闻无五物务析吸习
戏细瞎下仙嫌显现限线相向宵小肖协
械懈心信兴行凶胸休秀旭轩喧眩学雪
旬寻巡训押呀牙烟炎眼燕央杨洋阳样
遥药要也业叶衣姨矣亿忆义因阴引隐
蝇哟用由邮友右于愉与玉遇原员约匀
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7.13.9.3   Level 3 Simple Code

Approximately 4,000 Chinese characters defined in GB2312-80 are classified as Level 3 Simple Code Characters. To input these characters, enter the first three radicals and then press the Space bar.

7.13.10   Wildcard Key

The Z key on the main keyboard is the wildcard key for the 5-Shape input method. When inputting a single character, the Z key can replace any root radicals about which you are uncertain.

For example, if you are not sure whether 律 should be decomposed into 彳, 彐, 二, and 丨 (TVFH) or 彳, 彐, 丨, and 二 (TVHF), you can enter [31][53][Z][Z] and all characters with starting root radicals [31] and [53] will be displayed for your selection. For example:

7.13.11   Entering 5-Shape Code Through the Numeric Keypad

The 25 keys on the main keyboard are usually used to enter 5-Shape code. But you can also enter 5-Shape codes through the numeric keypad.

For instance, the 5-shape code of 丙 is [11][[25][34][43] (GMWI). To enter 丙, you can press [KP1][KP1][KP2][KP5][KP3][KP4][KP4][KP3] on the numeric keypad. The function of the KP0 key is similar to the function of the Space bar.

To enter the wildcard code through the numeric keypad, press the KP6 key twice.

7.14   Pin-Yin Input Method

The 6,000 Chinese characters defined in GB2312-80 are sorted according to the Pin-Yin (phonetic) representation. Each character has its own Pin-Yin representation that you can use to input the character. To use this input method, you should have basic knowledge of Putonghua (Mandarin) and Chinese pronunciation.

The Pin-Yin input method requires each character to be entered by using 1 to 6 Roman characters and one tone mark (-, /, v, \, or o).

Only single characters can be entered using the Pin-Yin input method. Term input is not supported. But you can activate Association Mode when selecting a character.

7.14.1   Input Mechanism

Each Chinese character has a phonetic representation that can be specified in a sequence of syllables. To enter the pronunciation, enter the syllables through the main keyboard (keys A - Z). To enter the tone marks, press the key with preassigned tone marks as defined in Table 7-26.

Table 7-26: Pin-Yin Tone Marks

For example, the phonetic representation of 日 is "ri". Press [R][I].

7.14.2   Procedure

When you invoke the Pin-Yin input method, the string 汉语拼音 is displayed in the status area. When you enter the phonetic representation, the data is displayed in the pre-edit. All characters that match the representation are displayed.

For example, when you press the A key, all characters with phonetic representations starting with "a" are displayed in the pre-edit area:

When you press the N key, all characters with phonetic representations starting with "an" are displayed:

汉语拼音：an_ 1鞍AFPV 2桉SPVG 3厂DGT 4鹌DJNG ＋

If the phonetic representation is invalid, the bell rings. You can correct the data by using the delete key or by pressing return to clear the data.

Note

If the phonetic representation has only one character, you must still press the 1 key to select the character.

7.14.3   Multiple Candidates

If a Pin-Yin string matches multiple candidates, the candidates are displayed in the pre-edit area. To select one, press the corresponding numeric key. For details, see Section 7.12, 5-Stroke Input Method.

To reduce the number of candidates, you can enter a tone mark after the phonetic representation. The input method displays only those characters with the specified tone, for example, the phonetic representation of 牛 is "niu". Eight characters are displayed for selection after you press [N][I][U]:

If you press the / key after [N][I][U], there will be only one candidate for selection:

汉语拼音：niu2_ 1牛RHK

Note

If you enter a tone mark after entering a phonetic representation, you do not need to press the 1 key to select the character in the first position. The first candidate is selected automatically when you enter another phonetic representation.

7.14.4   Association Mode

Similar to the 5-Stroke input method, Association Mode is activated automatically when you select a character from the candidate list. For details, see Section 7.12, 5-Stroke Input Method.

7.14.5   Multiple Phonetic Representations

It is possible to have multiple phonetic representations for the same character. For example, 调 can be pronounced as "diao" and "tiao". Therefore, you can enter either [D][I][A][O] or [T][I][A][O] for 调.

7.14.6   Radical Characters

Approximately 20 radical characters are defined in GB2312-80. To input those characters using the Pin-Yin input method, input the phonetic representation of the first character of the radical name. For example, the radical name of 艹 is "cao zi tou" 〔草字头〕. You would enter [C][A][O].

7.15   Qu-Wei Input Method

The Qu-Wei code is the representation of Qu (row) and Wei (column) in the DEC Hanzi codeset. For example, 啊 is placed in the first column of the sixteenth row. Its Qu-Wei code is 1601. To input 啊, press [1][6][0][1].

Since each Qu-Wei code unambiguously defines one Chinese character, the Qu-Wei input method does not support term input and Association mode.

When you invoke the Qu-Wei input method the string 国标区位 is displayed in the status area. To input a Qu-Wei code, enter the code by using the numeric keys (0 - 9) on the main keyboard.

7.15.1   DEC GB2312 Characters

啊 is defined in the DEC GB2312 character set and its Qu-Wei code is 1601. To input 啊, enter [0][1][6][0][1] or [1][6][0][1] from the main keyboard, and press the Space bar to complete the input.

7.15.2   Extended GB Characters

The Qu-Wei codes of characters in the extended GB character set start with "1". For example, if you press [1][1][6][0][1], the user-defined character in the first column of the sixteenth row is entered.

If you make a mistake during input, you can correct the data by pressing the Delete key to erase the last key stroke, or the Return key to clear the entire code.

7.16   Telex Code Input Method

Telex Code is a four-digit code used to define:

• Single Chinese characters
• Terms
• Non-Chinese symbols

It is based on the Standard Telex Code 《标准电码本》 published by the People's Republic of China. The Telex Code input method is simple and straight-forward. You can input characters, terms, or symbols by entering their corresponding Telex Code from the keyboard.

When you invoke the Telex Code input method, the string 电报码 is displayed in the status area. Use the numeric keys 0 - 9 on the main keyboard to enter the codes for characters, terms, or symbols.

7.17   Symbol Input in Dxhanziim

When you press [Ctrl/0] in the 5-Stroke, 5-Shape, or Pin-Yin mode, the string 符号 is displayed in the status area. All letters and numerals that you enter will be converted to two-byte letters and numerals.

To return to the original input mode, press [Ctrl/0] again.

7.18   Conversion Between Input Servers and DECwindows Motif Applications

If you need to work with both Simplified and traditional Chinese data, you can use DECwindows Motif to enter Simplified Chinese data with the traditional Chinese input server, and vice versa.

To set up the environment for entering Simplified Chinese data with the traditional Chinese input server, you should:

1. Set the session language to Chinese China.
2. Set the XMODIFIERS environment variable to select the Chinese input server:

Hereafter, applications start in Simplified Chinese and are connected to the traditional Chinese input server. You can enter Simplified Chinese data using the input methods provided by the Chinese input server, such as the Tsang-Chi input method.

If you do not set this modifier and both Simplified and traditional Chinese input servers are running, a Chinese application connects to the first input server that is started.

Note

The data in the pre-edit area of the Chinese input server is displayed in Simplified Chinese.

Those Chinese characters that cannot be converted to Simplified Chinese characters, are represented by a reverse question mark. If two or more user-defined characters have the same input key sequence, two or more reverse question marks might appear near the end of the line. In that case, you should try each one to find the character you want.

You should use the UDC Manager (cedit) to define the user-defined characters and their corresponding input key sequences. Since a VT382-D terminal is a DEC Hanyu terminal, you can create an input key sequence file only under the DEC Hanyu locale. Generation of an input key sequence file under the Taiwanese EUC and BIG-5 locales is not supported in this release.

To set up the environment for entering traditional Chinese data with the Simplified Chinese input server:

1. Set the session language to Chinese Taiwan.
2. Set the XMODIFIERS environment variable to select the Simplified Chinese input server:

Hereafter, applications start in Chinese and are connected to the Simplified Chinese input server. You can enter Chinese data using the input methods provided by the Simplified Chinese input server, such as the 5-Shape and the 5-Stroke input methods.